앱바 퀴즈
Chap 39.
11. Write two functions of second messengers in the cell.
1. They amplify the signal. 2. They transfer the signal from the receptor to other proteins that carry out the response.
12. A growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs toward or away from stimuli due to differential rates of cell elongation.
tropism
13. Plant enzyme that breaks the crosslinks (hydrogen bonds) between cellulose microfibrils and other cell wall constituents, loosening the wall’s fabric.
expansin
14. Write 3 hormones involved in the control of apical dominance.
cytokinins, auxin, strigolactones
15. Any of a class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and (with auxin) stimulate fruit development.
gibberellins
16. A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that persists even in the absence of external cues.
circadian rhythm
17. A type of light receptor in plants that mostly absorbs red light and regulates many plant responses, such as seed germination and shade avoidance.
phytochrome
18. The use of cold treatment to induce a plant to flower.
vernalization
19. In plants, a specialized plastid that contains dense starch grains and may play a role in detecting gravity.
statolith
20. A signaling molecule in plants that may be partially responsible for activating systemic acquired resistance to pathogens.
salicylic acid
Chap 41.
1. An animal that mainly eats plants or algae.
herbivore
2. Write 4 stages of food processing from the first stage to 4th stage.
ingestion digestion absorption elimination
3. Write the difference between gastrovascular cavity and alimentary canal.
a gastrovascular cavity has only one opening, when an alimentary canal has two, named mouth(oral cavity) and anus.
4. Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along the canal.
peristalsis
5. The mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach.
chyme
6. A viscous and slippery mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water that moistens and protects the membranes lining body cavities that open to the exterior.
mucus
7. Write 6 enzymes related in protein digestion.
pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase, aminopeptidase
8. An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine.
gallbladder
9. A large vessel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood’s nutrient content.
hepatic portal vein
10. A lipid transport globule composed of fats mixed with cholesterol and coated with proteins.
chylomicron
11. Write 3 hormones related in the digestion.
gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin
12. Write 4 appetite stimulant or suppressants.
ghrelin, insulin, leptin, PYY
13. Write the names of 2 chemicals that Masashi Yanagisawa found.
endothelin, orexin
Chap 42.
1. Write 3 main components of circulatory system.
heart, circulatory fluid, vessel
2. Write circulatory fluid of open circulatory system and closed circulatory system, respectively.
hemolymph, blood
3. Write the number of atrium(s) and ventricle(s) in the pulmocutaneous circuit.
2 atria, 1 ventricle
4.Write the path of blood circulation from right ventricle-capillary beds in small intestine - right atrium using "→". (25pt.)
right ventricle > pulmonary artery > capillaries of lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta > arteriole > capillary beds in small intestine > hepatic portal vein > capillary beds in liver > venule > inferior vena cava > right atrium
5. Write two phase of cardiac cycle.
systole, diastole
6. Write 2 differences between artery and vein
arteries carry blood away from the heart, whereas veins carry blood back to it.
arteries lack valves, whereas veins have many valves
7. Write 2 examples of plasma proteins.
albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin
8. Write the name of hormone(full name) that stimulates erythrocyte production.
erythropoietin
9. The flow of air or water over a respiratory surface.
ventilation
10. The portion of the respiratory tract that passes from the larynx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe.
trachea
11. A substance secreted by alveoli that decreases surface tension in the fluid that coats the alveoli.
surfactant
12. A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals. Contraction of this muscle ppulls air into the lungs.
diaphragm
13. The maximum volume of air that a mammal can inhale an exhale with each breath.
vital capacity
14. Write 2 examples of respiratory pigments.
hemoglobin, hemocyanin
15. An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells.
myoglobin
Chap 43.
1. Write 2 main components of innate immunity.
barrier defense, internal defense
2. Write 2 main components of adaptive immunity.
humoral immune response, cell-mediated immune response
3. Write the one of main function of hemocyte in the insect hemolymph.
phagocytosis
4. ____________, which circulate in the blood, are attracted by signals from infected tissues and then engulf and destroy the infecting pathogens.
neutrophils
5. A protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions. These proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells, help nearby cells resist viral infection or secreted by T cells, helps activate macrophages.
interferon
6. The pain and swelling that alert you to a splinter under your skin are the result of a local inflammatory response, the changes brought about by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection. One important inflammatory signaling molecule is ________, which is stored in the granules of ____________, found in connective tissue.
histamine, mast cells
7. A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds; also called an antigenic determinant.
epitope
8. Write 2 components of antigen presentation.
MHC(major histocompatibility complex) molecule, antigen
9. Write any 2 cell type that has Class II MHC molecules.
dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
10. Write 2 functions of proliferated helper T cell.
1. They trigger cell-mediated immune response by activating cytotoxic T cells.
2. They trigger humoral immune response by activating B cells.
11. Write more than 1 example disease for each of exaggerate, self-directed, and diminished immune responses, respectively.
anaphylactic shock, systemic lupus erythematosus, AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
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